Simian virus 40 treatment

B Participant no. C Participant no. Field interviews indicated that 3 persons 2 Bakola Pygmies [ and ] and 1 Bantu [] were frequent hunters and had been severely bitten by gorillas 25—35 years ago Table 2 ; all 3 had scars on their legs and fingers Figure 3.

The fourth infected person A was a Bantu woman who did not recall any bites or injuries from monkeys or apes. However, she had had frequent contact with wild game meat from nonhuman primates while butchering and preparing meals, as is common in this area 3 , 4. Appendix Figure.

Phylogenetic tree generated on a bp fragment of the integrase simian foamy virus SFV gene. The 13 new SFV sequences described in this study are shown in red. Numbers at each Sequence analyses of the 4 integrase gene fragments indicated that the 3 persons bitten by gorillas were infected with a gorilla foamy virus. These 3 sequences were similar to the sequence CAM The Bantu woman had been infected by a chimpanzee belonging to Pan troglodytes troglodytes , 1 of 2 chimpanzee subspecies endemic to Cameroon Appendix Figure.

Our next step was to not only characterize more cases of such interspecies transmission, looking especially for viral acquisition from other nonhuman primates, but also to assess the frequency of such phenomena and to define the parameters that characterize a risk population.

Thus, we focused our work on persons who had regular contact with nonhuman primates, hunters in lowland rain forest regions. During —, field missions were initiated in remote villages of Bantus and Baka Pygmies in different areas of south Cameroon. In each village we specifically asked for persons who had had direct contact and severe bites, scratches, wounds, other injuries from animals, mainly nonhuman primates.

This study included persons, 84 men and 18 women, most of them adults mean age 40 years, range 2—80 years. Of these , 29 Thus, 85 of had been in contact with nonhuman primates. Contact with rats, elephants, warthogs, duikers, squirrels, porcupines, and leopards was reported by 17 From the persons, we obtained 61 plasma samples and 41 dried blood spots. All samples were tested by WB, and 10 9. PCR performed on the available DNA from the 10 WB-seropositive, 8 sero-indeterminate, and 33 seronegative persons gave positive results for the integrase gene in 9 of the 10 WB-positive samples Table 2 and negative results for the others.

All 9 SFV-positive persons belonged to the group of 85 persons who had had known contact and bites or scratches from apes or monkeys. Thus, the subsequent epidemiologic analysis was restricted to these 85 71 men, 14 women; mean age 39 years.

According to univariate analysis, foamy virus—positive serologic results were associated with the type of nonhuman primate encountered monkeys 3.

No other studied risk factor except age at time of contact was significantly associated with positive results. To determine possible intrafamilial transmission of SFVs, we tested 4 wives and 1 husband of 5 of the index case-participants as well as 5 of their children Table 2. All were seronegative according to WB.

Of the 9 SFV-positive persons, 7 had been severely bitten by a gorilla 4 persons or chimpanzee 1 person 1—53 years ago while hunting Table 2 ; some displayed large scars on the legs, arms, feet, or fingers Figure 3. Hunters CH66 and CH29 had been severely bitten by 2 different animals in 2 separate hunting incidents. The 2 other SFV-positive persons were adult men who had been bitten by a small monkey, including a mandrill and a C. Phylogenetic analyses of the 9 integrase products indicated that all belonged to the large clade of the African SFVs with 5 strains from gorilla, 2 from chimpanzee, 1 from mandrill, and 1 closely related to Cercopithecus strains Appendix Figure.

The 2 hunters who had been bitten by 2 different animals were infected with chimpanzee CH66 and gorilla CH29 foamy viruses, respectively. Thus, for each of the 9 case-participants, the match was nearly perfect between the history of contact with a given nonhuman primate species mainly through severe bites that had occurred decades ago and the simian virus sequence that was found in the infected person Table 2. Because each of the 6 persons from whom we obtained 2 samples plasma, dried blood spots, or both at different times was SFV positive by WB, persistent infection was evident for each person.

The duration of this persistent infection was 1—8 years. Figure 4. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy results. A Typical multinucleated giant cells with a clear seroreactivity of AG16 antigens, determined by using an immunofluorescence assay with positive anti—foamy virus serum, on BHK—infected cells Syncytia and giant cells showed a strong and clear specific immunofluorescence Figure 4.

Electron microscopic analyses of cultured cells with a strong CPE demonstrated the presence of multinucleated giant cells. Typical foamy virus particles diameter — nm were frequently observed with several envelope spikes and a spherical central core Figure 4. Budding of such virus particles was observed, mainly from the membrane surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Figure 5. Lanes 1—7 and 10—16, serial dilutions of the DNA from ng to 0. To determine the peripheral blood viral load in persons infected by SFVs and to check whether the discrepancies in the results between the 2 PCR assays integrase and LTR could be related to a low viral load reaching the limits of our PCR sensitivity , we used a semiquantitative PCR assay Of the 13 infected persons, 7 Table 2 had a very low viral load, 1—10 copies in ng of total DNA.

Animal reservoirs are one of the most important sources of emerging infectious diseases that threaten humans. Nonhuman primates are natural hosts for other retroviruses. Although SFVs have been recently shown to infect persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates in zoos and primate centers, little is known about modes of cross-species transmission of these viruses in their natural habitat.

These results confirm and extend to other areas of Cameroon the original findings published by Wolfe et al. These data, combined with the findings of our hunter study, which identified 9 more SFV-infected persons, demonstrate infection by a large diversity of SFVs in persons from geographically isolated areas.

Such retroviral zoonosis is thus widespread and occurs in diverse villages where hunters are frequently in contact with nonhuman primates 3 , 4. In another context, a model has predicted that in Bali, Indonesia, for every 1, visitors to a monkey temple, approximately 6 will be infected with SFV Our study demonstrates efficient transmission of SFVs to persons in natural settings in central Africa, specifically after the persons had been bitten while hunting, and a viral persistence in the human host.

This strongly suggests that in a natural situation, contact of human blood with the saliva of an adult ape or monkey is the key factor for SFV transmission to humans. This situation is similar to that of persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates in zoos and primate centers, as nearly all of them reported having been bitten by monkeys or apes 5 , 9 , Some studies have shown that SFVs are present at high concentration in the saliva with viral replication of infected animals 29 , We recently provided evidence that Macaca tonkeana mostly acquire SFVs through severe bites, mainly young adults when they compete for sex partners In our study, contact with pets was not found to be associated with SFV infection.

This might be because pet bites mainly cause superficial tissue damage and rarely cause serious wounds and because some of the animals are probably not SFV infected due to their young age when captured. Although the presence of divergent SFVs could explain such discrepancy, low viral load in the blood samples is more likely, because our PCR primers have been shown to amplify a large variety of African SFVs but also several rather divergent Asian SFVs 16 — 18 , We provide the first data, to our knowledge, on the quantification of viral load of SFVs in humans.

Our results, based on 13 infected persons, indicate a low viral load in most persons but a large range 1—1, copies in ng of total peripheral blood leukocytes DNA.

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